This Boys Life Essays - English-language Films, This Boys Life

This current Boy's Life # # This Boys Life In both the film and the book This Boys Life Tobias Wolff is encircled by awful good examples and horrible dad figures. Wolff and his mom are continually searching for the total family life and end up in a progression of terrible circumstances on their mission. In the book Tobys relationship with his mom Rosemary is delineated in an unmistakable and more profound way yet the film just didnt appear to concentrate on it enough. This paper will assess the depiction of Tobys relationship with his mom and the men in their lives as told in the journal and the film. The relationship that Toby has with his mom is a solid bond. That is apparent in the film and the book. Be that as it may, what Toby needs the two variants of this story is a decent dad figure, which his mom is by all accounts consistently on an excursion to discover for him. Right off the bat in the book Toby has a few misfortunes with awful impacts, regardless of whether they are companions or father-like figures. Roy is by all accounts one of the primary impacts to truly get the perusers attention. He follows Toby and his mom right to Utah from Florida for the most part just to be with Rosemary. Roy utilizes Toby to get to Rosemary from multiple points of view, for instance when he purchases Toby the rifle or when he takes him to keep an eye on Rosemary at work and follow her home. Roy causes this to appear as though it is a game to Toby and becomes a close acquaintence with him along these lines. This depiction of Roy is done in the film, as well. To me this is a significant piec e of the story by and large, on the grounds that after you read the book and see the film, practically all the men who come into Tobys life treat him here and there like Roy treats him. Anything it took to get to his mom is by all accounts the subject of the story. This conduct would have a very damaging impact on any little youngster around then in their life, yet with the impact Tobys mother has on him he is continually attempting to discover an exit from awful circumstances. Another guide to this subject would be the part in the book when Toby and his mom go to Alkai Point to watch the counterfeit maritime fight and they run into the two men. They had left Roy not well before that and moved to Seattle so they could get away from him once more. This more likely than not worked, at long last, in light of the fact that Roy doesn't attempt to discover them for the remainder of the story. This part isn't utilized in the film and most likely could have been discarded from the book, however it depicted much more the eagerness of Rosemary to fall into any relationship that came her direction. Toby is by all accounts envious of these men giving his mom their consideration and when they notice this they channel the majority of their consideration on him. As the peruser you consequently realize what these folks are after, not the adoration for a kid or his preferred pastimes, however after the mother who simply happens to be with him. Furthermore, by acting like they are keen on Toby, they delude Rosemary into speculation they are simply pleasant folks. In the end Rosemary surrenders and meets with them that night and the result is fundamentally the same as her relationship with Roy. She gets back home crying, feeling objectified, and exploited. Pushing ahead rapidly, similar to the film does. Rosemary rushes to see another person as associated with, in comes Dwight. Dwights character is depicted very well in both the film and the book. Toby despite everything doesn't have a dad figure in his life and you can detect Rosemarys direness about getting one for him. Toby has now become a genuine troublemaker at school and in the city. Wolff portrays times when he and his companions would pummel bicycles into vehicles and take and cause different issues. These are ordinary things for children to do yet a portion of those examples may have been somewhat extraordinary. Rosemary doesn't feel that Toby is a terrible child, despite the fact that she hears

Black Boy vs. To Kill A Mockingbird essays

Dark Boy versus To Kill A Mockingbird expositions To Kill A Mockingbird and Black Boy are two books managing prejudice in the mid 1900's. Every one followed the life of a kid as they experienced childhood in the South. These two kids lead radically various lives since Scout Finch, the heroin of To Kill A Mockingbird, was a little white young lady and Richard Wright was the title character of Black Boy. Be that as it may, both encountered the unforgiving real factors of an uncalled for world at a youthful age. Richard Wright was naturally introduced to his. Him and his family battled each day in a ceaseless fight to endure. Employments were elusive and compensation perilously low. There was never enough food to support his ever changing and developing body. His life was continually improved as his family moved around, generally to huge urban communities looking for good work. He never got over a time of tutoring at any one spot, and each time would need to build up himself on the play area and lanes through battling. He was a flushed by the age of six. At ten years old he needed to leave school to land his first position since his mom had become sick. In examination, Scout Finch's life was simple, her youth settled. She experienced childhood in a humble community where her family gone back ages. Her father was an all around regarded legal counselor who got by and took great consideration of his youngsters. Not at all like Richard's family who never appeared to think about his sentiments, Scout experienced childhood in an exceptionally adoring condition. Her greatest concern in life was wearing girly dresses that didn't accommodate her spitfire nature. There was never a day in Richard's life when he didn't encounter bigotry. He was unable to avoid it; It directed his reality. He experienced life considering the to be around him as White versus Dark. He had never been around Whites like the Finch family who were open minded and merciful of Blacks. In his brain Whites were the foe and could bring just a burden. Scout, then again experiencing childhood in a little, backwa... <!

Why You Should Major in Psychology

Why You Should Major in Psychology Student Resources Careers Print Why You Should Major in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 24, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Why do so many students opt to major in psychology? Choosing a college major can be a very difficult task, especially if you are torn between competing for degree options. Psychology might interest you, but you also need to consider if related subjects like education, sociology, or even something like anthropology be a better fit. In order to select the major that is right for you, it is important to start by assessing your interests and goals. Psychology is one of the most popular degrees at colleges and universities throughout the world,?? but is it the right choice for you? How to Decide Picking a major is a critical crossroads in your education, so it is important to spend some serious time learning about your options and reflecting on your own interests, goals and career plans. First, explore some of the best reasons to earn a psychology degree, including the opportunity to learn more about yourself and others and the chance to study a challenging yet fascinating subject. Next, learn some of the major factors you should consider before you decide to major in psychology. All college degrees come with pros and cons, and psychology is no different. Thinking about what you will do with your degree after you graduate is a great place to start. If you are keeping an education and career research journal, this is a great opportunity to write down some of your thoughts as well as the information you learn about your degree options. Consider starting a list of all the pros and cons of majoring in psychology and see if your observations have an impact on your decision. A Few Reasons to Major in Psychology In addition to offering a tremendous opportunity for personal growth, majoring in psychology opens up a wide range of career opportunities. 80 Psychology-Related Careers to Consider A few other reasons why you should consider majoring in psychology include: A strong interest in the subjectA desire to learn more about the human mind and behaviorAn interest in helping othersA passion for researchInterest in going to graduate school If you are still wondering if psychology is the right choice for you, then be sure to check out some of these great reasons to earn a psychology degree. A Few More Things to Consider As any high school senior or college freshman can attest, choosing a college major can be a nerve-wracking decision. If you are interested in the field of psychology, there are a number of things you should consider before you choose a psychology major. Taking stock of your interests, talents, and professional goals can help make this important decision easier.Consulting with your academic advisor and members of the community already working in your field of interest may also be helpful.Thinking about whether you want to commit to graduate school is also important. Many careers within psychology require at least a masters degree, so it is something you should think about early on. If you are seriously considering earning a degree in psychology, then be sure to check out a few more of the things you need to think about before you major in psychology. A Few Reasons Not to Major in Psychology Psychology can be an exciting degree choice that opens up a lot of options for students, but that does not mean that it is the right choice for everyone. What are a few of the reasons why you might want to avoid this major? If you struggle to cope with stress, then psychology might not be a good choice for you. Careers in mental health naturally involve stress and high-pressure situations. If you fear that dealing with these challenges will eventually lead to burnout, then you might want to consider a different career path.If you absolutely do not want to go to graduate school, then you might want to consider some non-psychology undergraduate majors. The reality is that many careers in psychology require at least a masters degree, and many require a doctorate degree.?? If you dont plan on devoting the time, money and effort toward graduate education, then psychology might not be the right choice for you. Why Do You Want to Major in Psychology? Share your thoughts on why you want to major in psychology: Explain why you are interested in psychology. Psychology might be a good choice if you enjoy learning about the human mind and behavior, have an interest in psychology research, or love working with people.Describe specific career options you have already considered. Be sure to spend some time researching different psychology careers in order to get a good idea of the different opportunities that are out there.Visit your academic advisor or campus career center and discuss any insight you may have gained from the experience. Students sometimes overlook the many resources that are available through their own college or university. An academic advisor can help you assess your strengths and interests in order to determine which college major might be best. A Word From Verywell Now that you have explored some of the great reasons to earn a psychology degree as well as the major factors you should consider before deciding to pursue one, it is time to reflect. Do you still feel like psychology is the best choice for you? Are you starting to get a clearer picture of what you would like to do in your future career? Dont worry if you are starting to question your decisions. It is totally normal to feel undecided. The key is to keep researching your options and exploring your own interest in order to gain deeper insight. Even if you are starting to question whether psychology is right for you, be sure to look at some of the many different career options that are available. As you learn more, you might just find the career path that is perfect for you, or try a psychology career quiz.

How to Find the Birthplace of Your Immigrant Ancestor

Once youve traced your family tree back to the immigrant ancestor, determining his/her birthplace is the key to the next branch in your family tree. Knowing just the country isnt just enough - youll usually have to get down to the town or village level to successfully locate your ancestors records. While it seems a simple enough task, a town name isnt always easy to find. In many records, only the country or possibly county, state, or department of origin were recorded, but not the name of the actual  ancestral town or parish. Even when a place is listed, it may only be the nearby big city, because that was a more recognizable point of reference for people not familiar with the region. The only clue Ive ever found to my 3rd great-grandfathers city/town of origin in Germany, for example, is his tombstone that says he was born in Bremerhaven. But did he really come from the big port city of Bremerhaven? Or is that the port he emigrated from? Was he from a nearby small town, perhaps elsewhere in the city-state of Bremen, or the surrounding state of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)? To locate an immigrants town or village of origin you may have to gather clues from numerous sources. Step One: Take Off His Name Tag! Learn everything you can about your immigrant ancestor so that you will be able to identify him in relevant records, and distinguish him from others of the same name. This includes: The immigrants full name including her middle name or maiden name, if applicableA date of birth or the date of another event (marriage, immigration, etc.) with which you may be able to identify your ancestorA place of birth, even if it is just a country of origin for nowThe names of all identifiable relatives -- parents, spouse, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, etc. Immigrants often traveled with relatives or went to join one who had previously emigrated. These names will also help you to identify your immigrants family in their country of origin.Any other information that may help identify your ancestor, including religion, occupation, friends, neighbors, etc. Dont forget to ask family members and even distant relatives about your ancestors birthplace. You never know who may have personal knowledge or relevant records in their possession. Step Two: Search National Level Indexes Once youve determined the country of origin, look for a national index to vital or civil registration records (births, deaths, marriages) or a national census or other enumeration for that country in the time period in which your ancestor was born (e.g. civil registration index for England Wales). If such an index exists, this might provide a shortcut to learning your ancestors place of birth. You must, however, have enough identifying information to recognize the immigrant, and many countries do not maintain vital records at the national level. Even if you do locate a particular candidate this way, you will still want to follow the other steps as well to verify that your same name individual in the old country is actually your ancestor. Step Three: Identify Records Which May Include the Place of Birth The next goal in your birthplace quest is to find a record or other source that tells you specifically where to start looking in your ancestors country of origin. While searching, it is important to remember that your ancestors last residence prior to emigration may not necessarily be their place of birth. Look at research already done by others. In many cases, other researchers have already found where the emigrant came from. This includes searching through published indexes and genealogies, local biographies and town histories, and databases of compiled records.Locate original records related to the immigrants death, such as death records, church records, obituaries, cemetery records, and probate records. Obituaries published in ethnic newspapers are the most likely to contain specific information such as a town of origin.Check both civil and church sources for a marriage record and records of the childrens births.Search other types of genealogical records which may reveal an ancestors town of origin, including census records, court records, newspapers, and land and property records.Immigration records such as passenger lists and naturalization records are another important source in the search for an immigrants town of birth. While it may seem a better place to start, you usually ne ed the information found in previous steps to enable you to locate immigration and naturalization records. In the United States, for example, census records may reveal whether an ancestor was naturalized. Search for these records in each place where the immigrant lived, for the complete time period when he or she lived there and for some time after his death. Be sure to investigate available records in all jurisdictions that may have kept records about him or her, including town, parish, county, state, and national authorities. Be thorough in your examination of each record, making note of all identifying details such as the immigrants occupation or the names of neighbors, godparents, and witnesses. Step Four: Cast a Wider Net Sometimes after researching all possible records, you will still be unable to find a record of the home town of your immigrant ancestor. In this case, continue the search in the records of identified family members -- brother, sister, father, mother, cousin, children, etc. -- to see if you can find a place name associated with them. For example, my great-grandfather emigrated to the United States from Poland but was never naturalized and left no records of his specific town of origin. The town in which they lived was identified, however, on the naturalization record of his eldest daughter (who was born in Poland). Tip!  Church baptismal records for children of immigrant parents are another resource that can be invaluable in a search for immigrant origins. Many immigrants settled in areas and attended churches with others of their same ethnic and geographic background, with a priest or minister who likely knew the family. Sometimes this means records likely to be more specific than just Germany in recording a place of origin. Step Five: Find it on a Map Identify and verify the place name on a map, something that is not always as easy as it sounds. Often you will find multiple places with the same name, or you may find that the town has changed jurisdictions or even disappeared. It is very important here to correlate with historical maps and other sources of information to be sure that you have identified the correct town.

The Fundamentals of Persuasive Essay Topics Funny Revealed

The Fundamentals of Persuasive Essay Topics Funny Revealed A good deal of students have a tendency to find writing a persuasive essay a little challenging as a result of essence of the essay and its dynamics. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick specific topics and begin writing about them. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. Remember, they don't have to be politically correct all the time, they can be controversial. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. The finest persuasive essays persuade the reader to agree with a certain point of view, perspective or maybe to take a particular action. If you're thinking that you will need a person to compose my essay at this time, you can just rely on our honest reviews. The question could be part of your introduction, or it may make a good title. You should settle on a persuasive essay topic which allows you to present the greatest possible case. So, the best method to compose an excellent persuasive essay is to discover a theme you're familiarized with and would like to share your experience with the reader. There are some straightforward guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose a fantastic persuasive essay. Even thought you may not think you're a master at persuasion, it is likely that you're far better than you believe. To assist you craft an intriguing essay, here are a few fantastic persuasive topics for you to select from. It will be simpler that you compose a superior persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. The multiple topics might be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. So locating the most effective persuasive essay topics is vital. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Homework should be quite light. Students ought to be paid for studying. Students with good attendance has to be rewarded. You have to know all facets of financial topics when you choose them. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. Our reviews contain information like the score of the clients, our rating, starting prices, Discounts, and caliber of the papers. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to steer clear of low superior services. Students should continue to keep their mobile in silence in order to not disturb the class. They should be careful about posting on social media. They always go online when they need to find something. They should be allowed to pray in school. So How About Persuasive Essay Topics Funny? Deciding on the correct topic is the main job. Deciding upon the proper topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy matter to do as it might seem. It is possible to even check out several reviews and choose the business that is most suitable for your requirements and reasonably priced budget. The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. If you wish to acquire high high quality research and thesis papers in time and for a sensible price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. Because our writing services stick out from all of the remainder of our competitors, in regard to dedication, quality, security and confidentiality. Others believe that it improves creativity and productivity at work. Obviously, topics which are still relevant in 2018 are the very best. All folks ought to be permitted to receive free high education. Argue that public higher education has to be free for everybody.

Probable changing role of trade union over the next ten years Free Essays

Abstract It is for a fact that the past few years have seen a steady decline in union membership. Unions no longer wield the power that they had in the past. This is attributed to a series of relentless political, social, technological and economic changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Probable changing role of trade union over the next ten years or any similar topic only for you Order Now Incorporating cutting-edge research, this paper examines the probable changing role of trade union movement in the United Kingdom over the next ten years. This will include exploring on the trade union practices and responsibilities, analyzing the basics of employee industrial relations and exploring on the changing nature of employee relations and how this is impacting on unionism. A pest analysis will be conducted to determine the probable changing role of trade unions over the next ten years. Among the adversities which will be identified as facing unionism are unfavourable political and institutional conditions, structural changes in the economy, global competition, employer sponsored forms of employee participation, legal constraints, changing societal attitudes, labour market fragmentation, enterprise bargaining, a shift to individual contracts as well as the growing trend of outsourcing. The paper will conclude by outlining future directions for trade unions. Introduction Trade unionism is widely recognized for its important role in employee relations. In the past, trade unionism in the UK stood as one of the largest organizations negotiating on behalf of its eight million members in the public sector. Its influence had also been felt in the private sector impacting on important aspects of working life such as employee’s health and safety, their development, training and wellbeing. The past few years have however seen relentless political, social, technological and economic changes (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). Unions worldwide have been struggling to come to terms with these changes. Among the adversities facing unionism are unfavourable political and institutional conditions, structural changes in the economy, global competition, employer sponsored forms of employee participation, legal constraints and a growing trend in outsourcing among many others (Wright 2011). A combination of these challenges seems to have precipitated a significant fall in union membership. While there has been a decline in union membership, the challenge remains for the unions to find ways to prevent a further decline and weakening of trade unions’ position. The question then arises: what should unions do to prevent a further decline in membership and to consolidate on their current positionIncorporating cutting-edge research, this paper examines the probable changing role of trade union movement in the United Kingdom over the next ten years. As a starting point, the paper is going to define trade union, examine trade union responsibilities and practices, conduct a brief history of employee relations and analyze the basics of employees’ industrial relations. What is a trade union? Trade unions refer to organizations set up with the sole purpose of protecting and standing for the interest of its members in the workplace (Kelly 1998). Many activists view it as a movement for justice that is based on power emanating from workers’ solidarity (Kelly 1998). Their existence is mainly to voice concerns facing individual workers such as the work conditions, pay and conditions of employment. By bringing workers together, their power is magnified and they have a higher chance of exerting influence and voicing their opinions on matters regarding their work. Responsibilities of trade unions As noted above, the primary aim of trade unions is to protect and further the interests of its members. Trade unions are able to ensure this protection by: Obtaining satisfactory pay rates (Farnham 2000) Negotiating for their bonuses Ensuring satisfactory working conditions Negotiating for the renewal of their employment contracts and revision of their job descriptions where necessary (Farnham 2000). Negotiating for their promotion Securing adequate work facilities It is clear that the unions have the interests of workers at heart. It is also important to note that trade unions are part of the society and that they have played a central role in ensuring national integration. The other important responsibilities of trade unions include: Achieving industrial peace Ensuring national integration through minimizing the number of industrial disputes (Bach 2002). Inculcating discipline in the work environment Helping employees with social adjustments. That is, the unions help workers from different backgrounds adjust to the new rules, policies and working conditions. Incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers (Blanchflower 1996). The union’s ability to effectively carry out these functions, however, depends on union density and membership. The smaller the number of union members, the lesser their power and influence in employment relationships. It is striking, however, to note that unions especially in the developed economies have in the past years lost membership. In the UK, for example, the union density stood at 30% during the year of 2000 but by 2010, union density had dropped to a figure of 27% (Wright 2011, p.2). This downward trend has been reported to be more pronounced in the private sector. Although membership in the private sector remained relatively stable, there still was a decline in union membership, albeit at a slower pace (Wright 2011, p.2). The explanations put forth for the decline in union membership have been manifold stressing certain political, social, economical, structural and institutional changes. These changes will be examined in detail in the sections below. Employee relations Undoubtedly many of us experience work as employees and as such managing the employment relationship with our employers is of critical importance. Given the relentless changes outlined above which have prompted the decline of union membership, the importance of employee and industrial relations cannot be sidelined. In this respect, employment relations concerns itself with the management and regulation of employment relationship. This term, which was traditionally conceived as ‘industrial relations’, is concerned with power distribution between management and employees (Bryson 2005). Traditionally, the term ‘Industrial relations’ has been used in reference to the management of the relationship between trade unions and management, as well as management of associated processes such as industrial conflict, negotiation and consultation, and collective bargaining (Ebbinghaus 2002). The shift has largely been a result of a range of developments in the economic, political, social and legal context of employment relationship witnessed in the past few decades. The emergence of new techniques for managing employment relationship such as the HRM, combined with structural changes to a service dominated economy, changing social attitudes, employer sponsored forms of participation and a decline in union power have all resulted in a more diverse employment landscape. Changing nature of employment relations Explanations for the decline in union membership have been attributed to the changing nature of employment relations. Undeniably, employee relations in the past 10 years centered on trade unionism, industrial disputes and collective bargaining. Trade unions were viewed to a large extent as workplace adversaries that negotiated with employers on matters regarding employees work (Gennard 2005). The relationship between employer and individual employee was perceived as secondary. This is no longer the case in today’s employment relationship as the development of new techniques to managing employment relationships such as the HRM, have led to a steady decline in union power and influence (Wright 2011). Unlike in the past, tripartism, strikes and collective bargaining have lesser relevance in the current employment relationship and this has led to a decline in union membership. This is evident from the Workplace Employee Relations Survey conducted in 1998. According to the findings obtained from this survey, 47% of the workplaces in UK had no union members (Wrights 2011, p.5). Moreover, unlike in the past where arrangements could be made between an employer and trade union to recognize union membership as a prerequisite to employment; today’s legislative changes have led to an end in this arrangement (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). Trade union’s bargaining power has shrunk dramatically in the recent years given the changing societal attitude and the new forms of development which have provided employers with the bargaining initiative and extended to them unilateral control over the workplace. According to Taylor (2012), currently only an estimate of around a third of employees in the UK have their pay and conditions determined through collective bargaining agreements. This is in sharp contrast with the preceding years where this number was significantly large. In 1984, for example, the percentage of British employees who had their pay determined through collective bargaining agreements was 70% (Taylor 2012). This indicates a decline in the union’s bargaining power over the years. This has further been compounded by the break-up of national bargaining structures, legal constraints imposed on industrial actions and the changing societal attitudes towards unionism; all of which have precipitated the downward trend. Moreover, instead of reacting to and accommodating unionism managers have also become innovative, developing new techniques to manage employment relations such as the HRM. Research has confirmed that this is one of the main reasons behind the decline in union membership. Due to the development and implementation of new techniques of managing employment relations such as the HRM, the number of union members in the UK has continued to decline. This can be seen in a research conducted by CIPD in 2004 on the changing nature of employee relations work in organizations in the UK. Interviews with HR executives from the leading organizations in the UK formed the basis of this study. From this study, it was found that the role of the trade unions and their collective bargaining power had significantly declined (CIPD 2012). Based on the analysis, the study was forced to conclude that a further decline in union was more likely to happen in the near future. Undeniably, the driving force for the downward trend has been the changing nature of employee relations. There has been a shift in focus of employee relations from working with trade unions to a more contemporary focus on improving employee participation and business performance without the need for unions. In order to explore on the probable changing role of trade unions in the UK over the next 10 years, we are going to conduct a PEST analysis of trade union in the present times. PEST Analysis Among the range of issues that will be taken into account are: Political factors Economic factors Technological factors And Social factors Political factors Political factors, in this context, include legislation and government policies as well as foreign influences especially from the EU. In the past, trade unions were protected from the law of conspiracy and they had a right to picket peacefully (Bach 2002). However, a series of strike actions in the 1970s culminated in the drive for ‘anti-union laws’ which have since undermined the position and the role of the unions (Bach 2002). Legal restrictions imposed on the unions against recruiting new members have thus contributed to the downward trend. In addition, unions have generally been cut out of the political loop. Furthermore, the integration of most European countries has changed the environment in which trade unions act (Blaschke 2000). Over the past two decades, this integration has moved beyond its narrow economic basis to impact on other key areas such as social policies, macroeconomic policies and industrial relations (Blaschke 2000). This expansion is anticipated to change the structure facing unions by creating challenges as well as opportunities. The integration is likely to undermine existing national trade union arrangements and at the same time create a new arena of policy that is open to influence from trade unions. Economic factors Fragmentations in the labour market, enterprise bargaining and a shift to individual contracts as well as the growing trend of outsourcing to other firms have also been reported to have precipitated into the decline of union membership (Ebbinghaus 2002). Moreover, the growth in ‘atypical’ and indirect forms of employment including self-employment and agency labour has also been suggested to have contributed to the weakening of the bargaining power of trade unions (Wright 2011). These forms of atypical and indirect employment have been facilitated by an increase in migration and workforce participation. Representing such workers in atypical jobs has been quite challenging to trade unions. Such cases of atypical and indirect employment have not only been a challenge for the unions, but have also presented challenges to regulators and enforcement bodies mandated with the responsibility of upholding labour standards. The downward trend in unionism is also attributed to the structural changes in the economy. Over the past few years, the resolution of industrial conflict has been given less priority and the focus of government has shifted to the international performance of national economies (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). The threat of communism seems to be fading away. In addition global competition has made cost-reduction increasingly important for management (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). This has resulted in a change of focus of IR policy. This is expected to continue over the next ten years with the aim of Industrial Relation policy likely to change from being a mechanism of avoiding industrial conflicts to one that is more focused on enhancing competitiveness (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). Given that this change has received overwhelming support from the government, it is obvious that the management priorities will increasingly change and the unions will be expected to justify their existence, perhaps in terms of â€Å"added value’ in the workplace. Social changes When considering the reasons behind the decline in union membership, some aspects of social origin must be taken account of. Ideally, in this case, the attitude of employees and the general public towards unionism matter a lot. However, public opinion on the importance of trade unions in employee relations seems somewhat vague. Some have shown mild support for trade unions whereas others have remained on stout opposition. What is clear, however, is the changing management attitude towards trade unionism in the UK. The change in management attitude from negotiating with the union representatives towards negotiating with employees on an individual basis seems to have contributed to this downward trend (Gennard 2005). Attitudes to work and towards trade union recognition have changed over time. This is also anticipated to continue to impact on trade unionism in the UK over the next ten years. The focus of employee relations in the near future is expected to be more on individual employee rather than employees as a collective body. Technological factors The decline is also attributed to rapid development and implementation of easily transferable technologies. Rapid technological changes have created problems in the domain of industrial relations given their impact on employment and the nature of skills (Craden Hall-Jones 2012). Undeniably, this change has received an enormous amount of resistance from the trade unions due to fears of unemployment and redundancy of the workers. For example, the trend of outsourcing of non-core activities of a firm to other organizations has contributed to the decline in union’s collective bargaining power (Wright 2011). Outsourcing tends to affect the relationship between a firm and trade union as it provides the firm with the bargaining initiative, extending to the firm unilateral control over the workplace. The implementation of such transferrable technologies weakens the unions. Prospects of union revival Given the various legislative changes and restrictions imposed against industrial actions, one may ponder whether there is possibility for the government in the near future to restore good relations with trade unions and whether there is a possibility for union revival. Will unions still be perceived by the government as conspiratorsAre trade unions going to be viewed forever as bodies to be tightly controlled by government regulationHow will the government restore good relations with trade unions And, are we likely to see prospects for union revival with the power that they once wielded? Most of the restrictions were however imposed on trade union activities back in the 1980s. But the fact that most of these complex restrictions still remain even after years of Labour governments indicate how far apart the government and unions have grown. Trade union activists also wonder why there has been little support from the media for the many attempts by trade unions to pressurize the government to repeal anti-union laws. For example, in 2006, though supported by over a hundred MPs, the â€Å"Trade Union Freedom Bill’ disappeared in the face of government hostility without a trace (Moher 2012). Moreover, it is hard to find any journalistic or academic appreciation of the positives and contributions made by the unions on democracy (Moher 2012). The decline in union power and influence over the workplace raise serious doubts about the prospect for union’s revival and their ability to recover their position as collective bargaining institutions. There are however a number of revitalizing strategies which may be adopted by trade unions in order for them to consolidate their position. Revitalization strategies Trade unions in the UK may respond to the membership losses in various ways. The remaining unions may, for example, merge in order to consolidate resources and improve on their economies of scale (amalgamation). Other strategies which may be adopted include: formation of partnership, commitment to the organizing agenda, and using the learning agenda among many others (Kelly Frege 2004). Amalgamation In order for the unions to revitalize in the near future, they have to merge with other unions. Union mergers will help them respond to the structural changes and member composition. Additionally, this will help them to reap greater benefits from economies of scale, increasing their influence in the workplace. Partnership In future, trade unions in the UK will in the next ten years be required to justify their existence. They can for example provide evidence on how they are going to bring an added value to employers. In this respect, the concept of partnership may play a vital role. Currently, research evidence on the success of partnership at work seems somewhat divided but it is still early to determine the significance of partnership agreements (Taylor 2012). However, it is clear that majority of unions are increasingly playing a part in such agreements and that most unions have began to formalize such agreements with companies. In future, the Unions will be expected to justify themselves in terms of ‘added value’ to the workplace (Taylor 2012). Organizing agenda Additionally, unions will in the next ten years be expected to commit themselves to the organizing agenda, a key strategy for their revival (Wright 2011). Beyond recruitment, the organizing agenda serves to empower workers by giving them skills to maintain organizational strength and instilling a culture of workplace activism (Alexander Gilmore 1999). Learning agenda There is also the need for the union to deliver learning opportunities to its members besides just representing them. This is an area with much promise as the learning agenda allows trade unions to position themselves around appealing themes such as inclusion, dignity and skills improvement, thereby broadening their bargaining dialogue with employers (Wright 2011). The union will in future be expected to use the learning agenda to ensure their revitalization. Conclusion One of the most significant findings in this analysis is the changing role of trade unions and the decline in union’s membership and collective bargaining power. Union membership seems to be dwindling and their collective bargaining power weakening. The change has been attributed to a range of factors, most of which have resulted from the changing nature of employee relations. Among the adversities identified as facing unionism are unfavourable political and institutional conditions, structural changes in the economy, global competition, employer sponsored forms of employee participation, legal constraints, changing societal attitudes, labour market fragmentation, enterprise bargaining, a shift to individual contracts as well as the growing trend of outsourcing among many others. A combination of these challenges seems to have precipitated a significant fall in union membership and contributed to the decline in the union’s collective bargaining power. The challenge, however, is for the unions to prevent further decline in union membership and weakening of their position. Given the downward trend in union membership, there is need for trade unions to justify their existence by adopting distinctively different roles. This requires profound re-thinking of the roles and practices of trade unions. Reference Alexander, R. and P. Gilmore, (1999) â€Å"A strategic organizing alliance across borders†, In: M. Tillman and M.S. Cummings (eds) The Transformation of U.S. Unions. Voices, Visions and Strategies from the Grassroots, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. pp.45-67 Anderson et al, (2002). The changing roles of public sector unionism. Working paper No. 83, pp.2-13 Bach, S. (2002), ‘Public-sector Employment Relations Reform under Labour: Muddling Through or Modernization?’ British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40, 2, pp. 319-99. Bacon, N., and P. Blyton, (2004) â€Å"Trade Union Reponses to Workplace Restructuring: exploring union orientations and actions†, Work, Employment and Society, 18(4), pp. 749-773. Blanchflower, D.G., (1996). The role and influence of trade unions in the OECD. National Bureau of Economic Research and Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, pp. 5-39 Blaschke, S. (2000), ‘Union Density and European Integration: Diverging Convergence’, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 6, 2, pp. 217-36. Bryson, A., (2010). Resilient unions: strategies for growth Bryson, A., (2005). ‘Union effects on employee relations in Britain’. Human Relations, vol 58 (9), pp. 1111-1139 CIPD, (2012) Employee relations: an overview. Cox, T., and R. Mason, (2000) â€Å"Trends and developments in east central European industrial relations†, Industrial Relations Journal, 31(2), pp. 97-114. Craden, C. and P. Hall-Jones, (2012). Trade union reform – change is the only constant, Ebbinghaus, (2002). ‘Trade unions’ changing role: membership erosion, organizational reform and social partnership in Europe’. Industrial Relations Journal, P.2-20 Farnham, D., (2000) Employee relations in context. 2nd edition. Chartered Institute of Pers. Gennard, J., (2005) Employee relations. 4th edition. Chartered Inst of Pers/Develop, pp.350-357 Kelly, J. and C. Frege, (eds) (2004) Varieties of Unionism: Strategies of Union Revitalization in a Globalizing Economy,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kelly, J. (1998) Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves, London: Routledge. pp. 35-56 Moher, J.G., 2012. Trade unions and the law – history and a way forward[Viewed on 19th November 2012] available from http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-63.html Taylor, R., (2012) The future of employment relations. An ESRC Future of Work Programme Seminar Series, pp 23-35 Wright, C.F., (2011). What role for trade unions in future workplace relationsAcas Future of Workplace Relations discussion paper series, pp.2-15 How to cite Probable changing role of trade union over the next ten years, Essay examples

Thomas Jefferson Essays (536 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson THOMAS JEFFERSON In the thick of party conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. This powerful advocate of liberty was born in 1743 in Albermarle County, Virginia, inheriting from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello. Freckled and sandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent as a correspondent, but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he contributed his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the silent member of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most notably, he wrote a bill establishing religious freedom, enacted in 1786. Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the French Revolution led him into conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary of State in President Washington's Cabinet. He resigned in 1793. Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed leadership of the Republicans, who sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed the rights of states. As a reluctant candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election. Through a flaw in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent of President Adams. In 1800 the defect caused a more serious problem. Republican electors, attempting to name both a Pr esident and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election. When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed Army and Navy expenditures, cut the budget, eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates, who were harassing American commerce in the Mediterranean. Further, although the Constitution made no provision for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his qualms over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803. During Jefferson's second term, he was increasingly preoccupied with keeping the Nation from involvement in the Napoleonic wars, though both England and France interfered with the neutral right s of American merchantmen. Jefferson's attempted solution, an embargo upon American shipping, worked badly and was unpopular. Jefferson retired to Monticello to ponder such projects as his grand designs for the University of Virginia. A French nobleman observed that he had placed his house and his mind on an elevated situation, from which he might contemplate the universe. He died on July 4, 1826. Biographies